放射性药品管理办法(附英文)
国务院
放射性药品管理办法(附英文)
1989年1月13日，国务院
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强放射性药品的管理，根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》（以下称《药品管理法》）的规定，制定本办法。
第二条 放射性药品是指用于临床诊断或者治疗的放射性核素制剂或者其标记药物。
第三条 凡在中华人民共和国领域内进行放射性药品的研究、生产、经营、运输、使用、检验、监督管理的单位和个人都必须遵守本办法。
第四条 卫生部主管全国放射性药品监督管理工作。能源部主管放射性药品生产、经营管理工作。
第二章 放射性新药的研制、临床研究和审批
第五条 放射性新药是指我国首次生产的放射性药品。药品研制单位的放射性新药年度研制计划，应当报送能源部备案，并报所在地的省、自治区、直辖市卫生行政部门，经卫生行政部门汇总后，报卫生部备案。
第六条 放射性新药的研制内容，包括工艺路线、质量标准、临床前药理及临床研究。研制单位在制订新药工艺路线的同时，必须研究该药的理化性能、纯度（包括核素纯度）及检验方法、药理、毒理、动物药代动力学、放射性比活度、剂量、剂型、稳定性等。
研制单位对放射免疫分析药盒必须进行可测限度、范围、待异性、准确度、精密度、稳定性等方法学的研究。
放射性新药的分类，按新药审批办法的规定办理。
第七条 研制单位研制的放射性新药，在进行临床试验或者验证前，应当向卫生部提出申请，按新药审批办法的规定报送资料及样品，经卫生部审批同意后，在卫生部指定的医院进行临床研究。
第八条 研制单位在放射性新药临床研究结束后，向卫生部提出申请，经卫生部审核批准，发给新药证书。卫生部在审核批准时，应当征求能源部的意见。
第九条 放射性新药投入生产，需由生产单位或者取得放射性药品生产许可证的研制单位，凭新药证书（副本）向卫生部提出生产该药的申请，并提供样品，由卫生部审核发给批准文号。
第三章 放射性药品的生产、经营和进出口
第十条 放射性药品生产、经营企业，必须向能源部报送年度生产、经营计划，并抄报卫生部。
第十一条 国家根据需要，对放射性药品实行合理布局，定点生产。申请开办放射性药品生产、经营的企业，应征得能源部的同意后，方可按照有关规定办理筹建手续。
第十二条 开办放射性药品生产、经营企业，必须具备《药品管理法》第五条规定的条件，符合国家的放射卫生防护基本标准，并履行环境影响报告的审批手续，经能源部审查同意，卫生部审核批准后，由所在省、自治区、直辖市卫生行政部门发给《放射性药品生产企业许可证》、《派湫砸┢肪笠敌砜芍ぁ贰Ｎ扌砜芍さ纳⒕笠担宦刹蛔忌⑾鄯派湫砸┢贰?
第十三条 《放射性药品生产企业许可证》、《放射性药品经营企业许可证》的有效期为五年，期满前六个月，放射性药品生产、经营企业应当分别向原发证的卫生行政部门重新提出申请，按第十二条审批程序批准后，换发新证。
第十四条 放射性药品生产企业生产已有国家标准的放射性药品，必须经卫生部征求能源部意见后审核批准，并发给批准文号。凡是改变卫生部已批准的生产工艺路线和药品标准的，生产单位必须按原报批程序经卫生部批准后方能生产。
第十五条 放射性药品生产、经营企业，必须配备与生产、经营放射性药品相适应的专业技术人员。具有安全、防护和废气、废物、废水处理等设施。并建立严格的质量管理制度。
第十六条 放射性药品生产、经营企业，必须建立质量检验机构，严格实行生产全过程的质量控制和检验。产品出厂前，须经质量检验。符合国家药品标准的产品方可出厂，不符合标准的产品一律不准出厂。
经卫生部审核批准的含有短半衰期放射性核素的药品，可以边检验边出厂，但发现质量不符合国家药品标准时，该药品的生产企业应当立即停止生产、销售，并立即通知使用单位停止使用，同时报告卫生部和能源部。
第十七条 放射性药品的生产、供销业务由能源部统一管理。放射性药品的生产、经营单位和医疗单位凭省、自治区、直辖市卫生行政部门发给的《放射性药品生产企业许可证》、《放射性药品经营企业许可证》，医疗单位凭省、自治区、直辖市公安、环保和卫生行政部门联合发给的《放射性药品使用许可证》，申请办理订货。
第十八条 放射性药品的进出口业务，由对外经济贸易部指定的单位，按照国家有关对外贸易的规定办理。
进出口放射性药品，应当报卫生部审批同意后，方得办理进出口手续。
进口的放射性药品品种，必须符合我国的药品标准或者其他药用要求。
第十九条 进口放射性药品，必须经中国药品生物制品检定所或者卫生部授权的药品检验所抽样检验；检验合格的，方准进口。
对于经卫生部审核批准的短半衰期放射性核素的药品，在保证安全使用的情况下，可以采取边进口检验，边投入使用的办法。进口检验单位发现药品质量不符合要求时，应当立即通知使用单位停止使用，并报告卫生部和能源部。
第四章 放射性药品的包装和运输
第二十条 放射性药品的包装必须安全实用，符合放射性药品质量要求，具有与放射性剂量相适应的防护装置。包装必须分内包装和外包装两部分，外包装必须贴有商标、标签、说明书和放射性药品标志，内包装必须贴有标签。
标签必须注明药品品名、放射性比活度、装量。
说明书除注明前款内容外，还须注明生产单位、批准文号、批号、主要成份、出厂日期、放射性核素半衰期、适应症、用法、用量、禁忌症、有效期和注意事项等。
第二十一条 放射性药品的运输，按国家运输、邮政等部门制订的有关规定执行。
严禁任何单位和个人随身携带放射性药品乘坐公共交通运输工具。
第二十二条 医疗单位设置核医学科、室（同位素室），必须配备与其医疗任务相适应的并经核医学枝术培训的技术人员。非核医学专业技术人员未经培训，不得从事放射性药品使用工作。
第二十三条 医疗单位使用放射性药品，必须符合国家放射性同位素卫生防护管理的有关规定。所在地的省、自治区、直辖市的公安、环保和卫生行政部门，应当根据医疗单位核医疗技术人员的水平、设备条件，核发相应等级的《放射性药品使用许可证》，无许可证的医疗单位不得临床使用放射性药品。
《放射性药品使用许可证》有效期为五年，期满前六个月，医疗单位应当向原发证的行政部门重新提出申请，经审核批准后，换发新证。
第二十四条 持有《放射性药品使用许可证》的医疗单位，在研究配制放射性制剂并进行临床验证前，应当根据放射性药品的持点，提出该制剂的药理、毒性等资料，由省、自治区、直辖市卫生行政部门批准，并报卫生部备案。该制剂只限本单位内使用。
第二十五条 持有《放射性药品使用许可证》的医疗单位，必须负责对使用的放射性药品进行临床质量检验，收集药品不良反应等项工作，并定期向所在地卫生行政部门报告。由省、自治区、直辖市卫生行政部门汇总后报卫生部。
第二十六条 放射性药品使用后的废物（包括患者排出物），必须按国家有关规定妥善处置。
第五章 放射性药品标准和检验
第二十七条 放射性药品的国家标准，由卫生部药典委员会负责制定和修订，报卫生部审批颁发。
第二十八条 放射性药品的检验由中国药品生物制品检定所或者卫生部授权的药品检验所承担。
第六章 附 则
第二十九条 对违反本办法规定的单位或者个人，由县以上卫生行政部门，按照《药品管理法》和有关法规的规定处罚。
第三十条 本办法由卫生部负责解释。
第三十一条 本办法自发布之日起施行。
MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF RADIOACTIVE DRUGS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF RADIOACTIVE DRUGS
(Promulgated by Decree No. 25 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on January 13, 1989 and effective as of the date of
promulgation)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Measures are formulated to strengthen the control of radioactive
drugs in accordance with Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's
Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Pharmaceutical
Administration Law)
Article 2
"Radioactive drugs" refer to any forms of radionuclide or their tagged
drugs that are used for clinical diagnosis or in radiotherapy.
Article 3
All units or individuals in the People's Republic of China are required to
abide by these Measures when they are engaged in research work,
production, business, transportation, consumption, examination,
supervision and administration work related to radioactive drugs.
Article 4
The Ministry of Public Health is in charge of the supervisory and
administrative work of radioactive drugs while the Ministry of Energy is
in charge of the administration work concerning the production and sale of
radioactive drugs.
Chapter II Examination and Approval for the Development and Cli- nical Research of New Radioactive Drugs
Article 5
"New radioactive drugs" refer to those radioactive drugs that are made in
China for the first time. The annual plan of any drug research units for
the development of new radioactive drugs must be submitted to both the
Ministry of Energy for the record and to the health administration
department at the provincial, autonomous regional or municipal (directly
under the Central Government) level. Then an itemized plan made by the
latter shall be presented to the Ministry of Public Health for the record.
Article 6
The development of a new kind of radioactive drug includes the research
work in its technological process, quality requirements,
preclinicopharmacological study and clinical study;
The research unit, when designing the technological process for a new
drug, must study the physical and chemical properties, purity (including
pureness of radionuclide), testing method, pharmacology, toxicity, nuclein
animal dynamics, radiospecific activity, dosage, pharmaceutical forms and
stability of that radioactive drug. Furthermore, the research unit must
make a study of radio-immunity analysis container with respect to its
scalability, range, specificity, accuracy, precision and stability.
New kinds of radioactive drugs shall be classified in accordance with the
provisions for the examination and approval of new pharmaceuticals.
Article 7
Before the newly developed radioactive drug is put to clinical test or
verification, an application together with the data and sample must be
submitted to the Ministry of Public Health in accordance with the
provisions for the examination and approval of new pharmaceuticals.
The newly developed radioactive drug may be used for clinical study at an
appointed hospital only after its application has been examined and
approved by the Ministry of Public Health.
Article 8
After completion of clinical study of a newly developed radioactive drug,
the research unit must submit an application to the Ministry of Public
Health for examination and approval.
The latter shall consult the Ministry of Energy before granting a New Drug
License.
Article 9
Before a newly developed radioactive drug is put to production, the
production unit or the research unit that holds a license for the
production of radioactive drugs must submit an application together with a
copy of New Drug License and sample to the Ministry of Public Health.
After examination and verification, the Ministry of Public Health shall
issue them document of approval.
Chapter III The Production, Sales, Import and Export of Radio- active Drugs
Article 10
The enterprises that produce or sell radioactive drugs are required to
submit their production plan and business plan to the Ministry of Energy
and a duplicate to the Ministry of Public Health.
Article 11
The State shall, according to the actual conditions, make sure that
radioactive drugs be produced at designated pharmaceutical factories which
shall be located rationally over the country. Applications for the setting
up of any enterprises to produce or sell radioactive drugs must be
approved by the Ministry of Energy before the preparations start in
accordance with related provisions.
Article 12
Requirements for the setting up of enterprises to produce or sell
radioactive drugs are that they must have the necessary conditions as
stipulated in Article 5 of the Pharmaceutical Administration Law and that
they must meet the essential standard of radio hygiene protection set by
the State. They are also required to submit a report on environment impact
to the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Public Health for
examination and approval and then the health administration department in
their province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the
Central Government shall issue them "License for the Production Enterprise
of Radioactive Drugs", "License for the Business Enterprise of Radioactive
Drugs". No enterprises without the license shall be permitted to engage in
the production or sale of radioactive drugs.
Article 13
The term of validity of "License for the Production Enterprise of
Radioactive Drugs" and "License for the Business Enterprise of Radioactive
Drugs" is five years. If needed, the enterprises engaged in the production
or sale of radioactive drugs shall make a new application six months
before the expiration to the health administration department which shall,
in accordance with Article 12 of these Provisions, issue them a new
license.
Article 14
Before an approved pharmaceutical enterprise produces radioactive drugs
with specifications already set by the State, it must forward an
application which has to be examined and approved by the Ministry of
Public Health in conjunction with the Ministry of Energy. If any changes
in the technological process and specifications of the drugs previously
approved by the Ministry of Public Health are to be made, the
pharmaceutical factory shall be required to go through the same procedures
for approval.
Article 15
The production and business enterprises of radioactive drugs are required
to employ technical personnel who are qualified for the work and to have
safety and protection facilities as well as waste gas, liquid and material
disposal facilities. They must also have a strict quality control system.
Article 16
The production and business enterprises of radioactive drugs are required
to set up quality inspection offices. The entire process of production
must be put under strict qualify control and inspection.
All radioactive drugs are subject to quality testing. Only the products
that meet the State pharmaceutical standard shall be allowed to be shipped
out from the factories. Products that are not up to the standard are not
allowed out of the factory. As for the drugs with short half-life
radionuclide previously approved by the Ministry of Public Health, they
may be shipped out from the factory while having sample testing. If the
drugs are found to be below the State pharmaceutical standard, the factory
must stop the production and sale of the drugs immediately and inform
consuming units to stop using the drugs without delay. A report about the
case must be submitted to both the Ministry of Public Health and the
Ministry of Energy.
Article 17
The production, supply and sale of radioactive drugs are under the unified
administration of the Ministry of Energy.
When ordering these stuff, the pharmaceutical factory must furnish a
License for the Production Enterprise of Radioactive Drugs while the
business unit must present a License for the Business Enterprise of
Radioactive Drugs issued by the health administration department at the
provincial, autonomous regional or municipal (directly under the Central
Government) level. As for the medical treatment unit, they must order
these drugs with a License for the Use of Radioactive Drugs jointly issued
by the public security department, the environment protection department
and health administration department at the provincial, autonomous
regional or the municipal (directly under the Central Government) level.
Article 18
The import and export business of radioactive drugs shall be handled by
the units appointed by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade in accordance with the State provisions related to foreign trade.
Prior to the import or export of radioactive drugs, an application must be
made and be examined and approved by the Ministry of Public Health.
Imported radioactive drugs are required to meet the State standards for
pharmaceuticals or other medical requirements.
Article 19
Imported radioactive drugs are subject to sample examination by the State
Administration for the Inspection and Testing of Pharmaceuticals and
Biological Products or by an inspection and testing institution of
pharmaceuticals authorized by the Ministry of Public Health. Only those
drugs that have met the State standards are allowed to be imported. As for
the drugs with short half-life radionuclide previously approved by the
Ministry of Public Health, they may be put to use upon being shipped in
while having import inspection. If the import inspection unit finds the
quality of imported drugs not up to the standard, they must inform the
consuming units promptly to stop using the drugs. A report about the
quality problem must be submitted to both the Ministry of Public Health
and the Ministry of Energy.
Chapter IV The Packaging and Shipment of Radioactive Drugs
Article 20
The packaging of radioactive drugs must be safe and reliable, and up to
the standards for the quality requirements of radioactive drug. There must
be protection devices that will match different radio dosages. The
packaging is required to consist of packing and inner packaging. There
must be trade mark, label, specifications and marker of radioactive drugs
on the packing and a label on the inner packaging. On the label there must
be name of the drug, radiospecific activity and packings.
The specifications must indicate the name of the producer, license number,
batch number, main composition, date of manufacture, half-life of
radionuclide, indications, administration, dosage, contraindication,
expiry date and precautions in addition to name of the drug, radioapecific
activity and packings.
Article 21
The shipment of radioactive drugs shall be handled in accordance with the
rules formulated by the State transportation and postal departments. No
unit or person shall be allowed to carry along radioactive drugs on any
means of public transportation.
Chapter V The Use of Radioactive Drugs
Article 22
If a medical treatment unit desires to set up a radiologic department or a
radioisotope department, it is required to employ technical personnel who
are qualified for radiotherapeutic work after special technical training.
Without prior technical training no personnel shall be allowed to use the
drugs in radiotherapy.
Article 23
When a medical treatment unit uses radioactive drugs, it must observe the
rules formulated by the State concerning radioisotope hygiene and
protection. The health administration department, the public security
department and the environment protection department at provincial,
autonomous regional or municipal (directly under the Central Government)
level shall issue a certain grade of License for the Use of Radioactive
Drugs according to technical skill and professional level of the
radiological personnel and equipment of the medical treatment unit. No
medical treatment unit without a license is allowed to use radioactive
drugs clinically.
The term of validity of a License for the Use of Radioactive Drugs is 5
years. If needed, the medical treatment unit must make a new application 6
months before the expiration of its license to the health administration
department which, after examination and verification shall issue it a new
license.
Article 24
Before a medical treatment unit holding a License for the Use of
Radioactive Drugs starts the preparation of any forms of radioactive drug
for clinical use, it is required to submit an application with the data
concerning pharmacology and toxicity of the radioactive drug, according to
the characteristics of the radioactive drug, to the health administration
department at the provincial, autonomous regional or municipal (directly
under the Central Government) level for approval and to the Ministry of
Public Health for the record. That form of radioactive drug can be used
only in the medical treatment unit.
Article 25
The medical treatment units that hold a License for the Use of Radioactive
Drugs are required to conduct clinical quality testing of the radioactive
drugs and find out their undesirable reactions and submit regular reports
to the health administration department. The health administration
department at the provincial, autonomous regional or municipal (directly
under the Central Government) level shall then present an itemized report
to the Ministry of Public Health.
Article 26
Waste material of radioactive drugs (including patients' excrement) must
be properly disposed of in accordance with the State regulations.
Chapter VI The Standards for Radioactive Drugs and Their Testing
Article 27
The Pharmacopoeia Commission under the Ministry of Public Health is
entrusted to formulate and revise the State standards for radioactive
drugs and then submit it to the Ministry of Public Health for examination
and approval before it is promulgated.
Article 28
The State Administration for the Inspection and Testing of Pharmaceuticals
and Biological Products or an inspection and testing institution of
pharmaceuticals authorized by the Ministry of Public Health is entrusted
to inspect and examine radioactive drugs.
Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions
Article 29
Any unit or individual that violates these Measures shall be penalized by
the health administration department at or above the county level in
accordance with the Pharmaceutical Administration Law and other rules and
regulations.
Article 30
The right to interpret these Measures resides in the Ministry of Public
Health.
Article 31
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
【内容摘要】: 扒窃入刑一年多来,司法实践过程中遇到了一些问题,如有些扒窃犯罪涉案金额较少、是否一律定罪处罚,扒窃构成犯罪究竟判处什么刑罚合适等,对于这些问题,司法机关应明坚持扒窃犯罪的行为犯属性,同时要根据主客观相统一的原则,综合考虑行为人的主观恶性、案件事实、数额及其他情节,来对行为人予以量刑处罚,做到罪责刑相适应。
2011年2月25日,《刑法修正案(八)》经第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十九次会议通过,其中第39条将扒窃入刑,列举在盗窃罪的罪状之中。至今,《刑法修正案(八)》实施已一年有余,一年多来,各地“扒窃第一案”纷纷见诸媒体,引起社会广泛关注。从各地反响来看,“扒窃”入刑确实对犯罪分子有所威慑。但是,司法机关在实践过程中也遇到了一些问题,如有些扒窃犯罪涉案金额较少、是否一律定罪处罚,扒窃构成犯罪究竟判处什么刑罚合适等,对此,笔者拟结合司法实践中的两则案例对以上问题作一探讨。
案例一:2011年5月,马某在成都市某菜市场水果摊附近,趁63岁的被害人陈某不备,用随身携带的镊子盗走其1.5元,后被抓获。该案由公安机关直接移送到成都市金牛区检察院审查起诉,法院最后以盗窃罪判处马某有期徒刑六个月。
案例二: 2011年6月,宜昌市公安局水陆公交分局反扒民警在公交车上抓到一名扒窃分子,犯罪嫌疑人对扒窃行为供认不讳,但因为该犯罪嫌疑人偷的钱包里面没有一分钱,在他们将案件移交检察机关后,检察院的工作人员在了解具体案情后表示,根据《刑事诉讼法》的相关规定,该案情节显著轻微、危害不大,不认为是犯罪。该案最后不了了之,犯罪嫌疑人在被教育后被水陆公交分局释放。
由以上两则案例可以看出,司法实践中,司法机关对扒窃犯罪嫌疑人构成盗窃罪的标准在认识上存在差异。笔者曾与同事对此进行探讨,有同事就比较赞同案例一中的处理,其认为对于扒窃不应再附加数额或其他限制条件,立法者的意图很明确,《刑法修正案(八)》第39条的规定,“盗窃公私财物,数额较大的,或者多次盗窃、入户盗窃、携带凶器盗窃、扒窃的,处……”,其中罗列了五种情况,它们之间应该是并列关系。扒窃行为和多次盗窃、入户盗窃、携带凶器盗窃一样都应该定罪处罚,扒窃属行为犯,如果以行为人实际窃取数额来认定犯罪,因为行为人客观上窃取财物为达不到数额较大的标准而不作为犯罪处理,会放纵扒窃犯罪嫌疑人,从而偏离“扒窃”入刑的立法意图。
有同事则赞同案例二中的处理,他认为,扒窃是一种特殊的盗窃行为,但这种特殊性并不能改变其盗窃行为的实质,从《刑法修正案(八)》的规定来看,刑法规定的扒窃乃盗窃罪的一种,属结果犯,扒窃构成犯罪仍应受盗窃罪中有关数额规定的限制,应当以达到一定数额的财产损失认定其社会危害性,从而认定是否成立犯罪。因此,对于扒窃数额较小而又没有其他严重情节的,应按照《刑法》第13条、《刑事诉讼法》第15条的规定,不作为犯罪处理。
综合两种意见来看,对于扒窃是否附加数额或其他限制条件的关键在于分清扒窃属于行为犯还是结果犯。那么何为行为犯?何为结果犯呢?根据我国刑法理论,一般认为,所谓行为犯,是指犯罪的成立不以发生危害结果为条件,而是以犯罪实行行为的完成为标志的犯罪。[3]相对应的,结果犯则是指以特定危害结果发生为犯罪成立必要条件的犯罪类型。由此可以看出,盗窃罪属于结果犯,因为盗窃必须达到一定数额,才构成盗窃罪。但《刑法修正案(八)》生效之后,根据 《刑法修正案(八)》第39条规定,按照文义解释,只要行为人实施了扒窃行为即构成犯罪,入罪不需要附加数额较大或者次数等限制条件。由此,笔者认为,扒窃应属行为犯。也就是说,只要实施了扒窃行为,都应该按照《刑法修正案(八)》第39条规定定罪,这也是与扒窃具有较大的主观恶性、人身危险性、社会危害性相适应的。不过,虽然扒窃入罪不需要附加数额较大或者次数等限制条件,扒窃数额等还是可以作为量刑情节的,根据《刑法修正案(八)》第39条、刑法总则第37条之规定,扒窃的最低刑罚仍有适用拘役、管制、并处或单处罚金直至不予刑事处罚的空间,因此,在审理扒窃案件时,应结合扒窃犯罪的事实和情节判处相应的刑罚。另外,对于那些显著轻微危害不大的扒窃行为还可以适用刑法总则第十三条之规定,不以犯罪处理。
综上,笔者认为,对于扒窃,首先应明确其行为犯的属性,对于扒窃行为人应以盗窃罪定罪。不过,如果综合案中的主客观情形,如行为人系初犯或者偶犯(由此表现出来的主观恶性不大),而且采用的扒窃手段对人身没有危险性或者扒窃未遂、中止等,则可以考虑适用刑法总则第十三条之规定;其次,在量刑上要结合案中行为人的主观恶性、扒窃犯罪的案件事实、数额及其他情节考虑判处拘役或者管制甚至单处罚金等刑罚,这样既彰显了刑法对于扒窃行为的否定性评价及惩罚犯罪的功能,同时也做到了罪责刑相适应。
具体到上述两则案例中,首先,应当考虑适用《刑法修正案(八)》第39条规定以盗窃罪定罪,然后考虑行为人之行为是否显著轻微危害不大,即是否有适用刑法第13条但书之可能,如果行为人除了扒窃所得价值较小外再没有显著轻微情节,应以盗窃罪定罪;其次,在量刑上也是应当综合案中行为人的主客观情形,如犯罪动因,手段等,判处相应的刑罚。如案例二中,行为人如果不是初犯或者偶犯,也没有其他从轻或从重情节,综合考虑其所犯罪的场所、数额等,笔者认为,可以考虑对于行为人以盗窃罪定罪,不予刑事处罚;而案例一中,综合考虑案中情形,行为人的犯罪手段-用随身携带的镊子进行扒窃;被害人系老年人。由此可以推知行为人主观恶性较大,但鉴于扒窃所得仅为1.5元,对被害人造成的财产损失不大,如果再没有其他情节,可以考虑对于行为人以盗窃罪定罪,处1-3个月拘役。
总之,司法实践中,司法机关在审查扒窃案件应明确扒窃犯罪的行为犯属性,即只要行为人实施了扒窃行为,均应认定为盗窃犯罪,同时要根据主客观相统一的原则,综合考虑行为人的主观恶性、案件事实、数额及其他情节,来对行为人予以量刑处罚,做到罪责刑相适应,从而有效打击扒窃犯罪行为,保障人民群众的财产安全,增强人民群众的社会安全感,为人民群众营造一个安全的出行环境。
作者单位:陕西省礼泉县人民检察院